RESEARCH

L'axolotls comme ses congénères aquatiques attrape des maladies, infections ou peut etre blessé, le soigner oui, mais comment? MYCOSES & FLAVOBACTERIUM In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. MYCOSES: MUSHROOMS Symptoms : A fine white fuzz develops on the affected part of the body. The mycosis very clearly has a cottony appearance. If it is the gills (very fragile), they will regress, and the animal, having trouble breathing, will stay permanently at the top of the aquarium. This could be the result of a wound. Too hot water also promotes yeast infection (it is considered that above 22 ° C the risks increase). Leftover food that has molded (hence the importance of making sure to clean the remains of their meals after 24 hours). ). Side effect following a treatment which will have reduced the immunity of axolotl. Or finally water that is too acidic (low Gh) or too hard (too high GH), in this case readjust these parameters: see article . Many mycoses disappear on their own: we leave the axolotl alone with the lights off in his aquarium and we observe 12 hours later and 24 hours after. If the mycosis has not disappeared 24 to 48 hours after treatment is required. Treatment: Prepare an infirmary tank in which you will have previously dissolved the non-iodized gray Guérande salt because it does not contain any added iodine, or the regenerating salt of dishwashers such as Apta, Calgonit (see section Pharmacy and necessary to buy for details), to do this prepare a box in advance with crushed salt, which will allow it to dissolve more easily. Once this is done, you can immerse your little patient in this tank. Otherwise you have Temerol (1.75 ml / 5 liters of water, for three days, changing the mixture every day) and esha 2000 in a pet store. You might as well prefer the first method, but if the damage is very important and the salt does not cure, switch to Temerol or Esha which gives good results (a reservation on Temerol to be used sparingly because of its many additives, Ketoderm was also recommended by the Montpellier veterinarian rather than Temerol , it remains stuck to the mycosis and does not dissolve in water allowing a very gentle and very effective. DOSAGES: Intensive treatment : Never more than 20 minutes in a salt bath, or 30 minutes twice in the morning and evening (recommended by a specialist veterinarian, because then this damages the skin and the gills, but ask on the group or site health section with photo in order to measure the severity of the mycosis! Slight fungal infection: 1 teaspoon for 1 liter of water for 20 minutes then put it back in another infirmary tank overnight, to be repeated during the 3 days of treatment. If the yeast infection persists or was very extensive or severe; a shock treatment therefore with a doubled dose of salt: 2 teaspoons of salt for 1 liter of water. 15 minutes no more. Last possibility three teaspoons of salt for 1 liter of water and 10 minutes only! This treatment can be continued for three days if necessary. But never again on this very important dosage! A salt bath is not harmless for the axolotl, it can if given in excess cause it more harm than good! Permanent treatment involves a lower dosage 1 teaspoon per 10 liters of water. Rather in the case of an infectious bacteriological veil (with yellow spots). Important: the saline solution is never reused, it is thrown away after each treatment (and it is very necessary to wash the hospital tray because the bacteria deposit there) And this treatment cannot last more than 6 days. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. A fungal infection is also very well treated with Ketoderm (available in pharmacies), it is an ointment that has the advantage of being waterproof. (Advised by a specialist veterinarian in Montpellier). In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. Produit voogle de easylife après confirmation auprès de easylife que cela est bien naturel comme le filter médium, et adapté aux axolotls je confirme que ce produit est top pour traiter la mycose (Altaria) Mycosis of the eyes In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. It is more precisely an opaque veil on the eye, this mycosis being of bacterial origin we recommend a treatment with Temerol or Esha 2000 over 3 days, or 6 days. Flavobacterium Columnare Lightning yeast infection caused by bacteria We observe a mycosis which can start in the gills but very quickly end up on and in the mouth, on the tail, this mycosis is different from the classic mycosis that we often meet with our loulous. It is very thick and of an ultra fast advance then can take the whole palate and the mouth. Some axolotls which do not react to conventional treatment such as Temerol or the salt bath in this case the veterinarian recommended: 3 teaspoons in a liter of water for 30 minutes (yes you read that correctly) the first day then 2 teaspoons for 20 minutes on the second day and finally 3 teaspoons for 1 liter of water for a period of 10 minutes on the third day. Above all, we must not make the mistake of taking a banal mycosis for this infection, I repeat that the mycosis is 10 times thicker and progresses during the day, the animal no longer feeds equally. If you don't have something alive in your aquarium, you can't be concerned. This bacterium, called Flavobacterium * Columnare, is found in guppies (probably other fish but the case observed and studied by veterinarians concerns the guppy. This one can be a healthy carrier or not. If the axolotl swallows it) he will be infected but also by eating or sucking on the ground sand which will have been infected by the droppings of the guppies Treatment Marbosyl (broad spectrum antibiotic often prepared by the veterinarian himself, very volatile cannot be preserved) or Amoxiciline, the the first being more adequate but if your veterinarian does not have one he can direct you to the second Here are the dosages: with an insulin syringe for example, one unit (1ml per axolotls per 50 gram weight for 8 to 10 days in the food or in the mouth. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. * Columnaris disease is primarily an infectious epithelium that causes necrotic lesions of the gills and skin. Infections can become systemic. Diseases are rarely spontaneous, but are influenced by several factors such as water temperature and other factors such as low level of dissolved oxygen, high level of ammonia and organic load (NO2). The bacteria can also be carried by some freshwater fish and mussels. Some will be carriers but will not trigger the disease and others (eg rainbow trout) will die.

Les connaissances sur l’axolotl sont toutefois relativement récentes puisqu'elles datent de la fin du 19ème siècle et du début du 20ème. Haut de page histoire histoire The legend of the axolotl and its history through culture and science. Share The axolotl: from science to the imagination It can happen that an animal has a strong symbolic evocation power not because of popular observations but as a result of scientific observations which reveal unusual characteristics of the animal. This then arouses not beliefs or myths but a literary imagination. This is particularly the case for the axolotl, larva of a Mexican salamander, barely mentioned in Aztec mythology At most the axolotl - "water dog" (atl, water, ... and today ' hui still unrecognized not only by the general public, with the exception of Mexico, but often even by cultivated people. Axolotl was at the heart of scientific controversy in the 19th century and its surprising biological characteristics inspired not popular myths but a literary motif attested in several works of fiction, from the 1950s to the present day. Current definition: The axolotl is the larval form of Ambystoma mexicanum, a species of salamander that lives in lakes in the highlands of Mexico. It measures between 20 and 25 cm in length, with a tail flattened laterally and gills extended to the sides of the head. It has four toes on the front legs and five on the back legs. A membranous ridge runs across its back and along its tail. The triangular head has two large eyes without lids. The axolotl is gray-brown in color for the wild variety; in breeding, axolotls are most often depigmented, even albino. In the metamorphosed state, the axolotl has lost its gills and membranous crest, it breathes and lives on land, but it has retained its tail. Axolotl rarely changes and can reproduce as a larva, a phenomenon called neotenia. The absence of metamorphosis is due to insufficient secretion of thyroid hormones due to the cold aquatic environment poor in iodine in which axolotls live. Metamorphoses have been obtained experimentally in axolotls by the injection of iodine or thyroid hormones. Spontaneous metamorphosis has also been observed in axolotls acclimatized to the warm plains. A second remarkable biological characteristic of the axolotl is its strong capacity for regeneration: its wounds heal by reconstituting the tissues and its amputated limbs grow back (tail, legs). The axolotl has become a valuable laboratory animal for experimental research in embryology and physiology. In the wild, the animal is a protected species, but its depigmented and albino varieties are allowed to be marketed as domestic animals. This knowledge of the axolotl is however relatively recent since it dates from the end of the 19th century and from the beginning of the 20th century. Gradually, in fact, science has discovered the surprising properties of this animal. The 19th century controversy Until the 18th century, the axolotl was considered a kind of fish. The 19th century correctly classified it in the category of salamanders, but questioning its larval or definitive nature. In 1807, Georges Cuvier and Alexander von Humboldt expressed their hesitation in a booklet entitled Recherches anatomiques sur les reptiles, still regarded as doubtful by naturalists, produced on the occasion of the axolotl. In 1829, in the second edition of his Animal Kingdom, Cuvier still classifies the axolotl among the amphibians with permanent gills - "So many witnesses," he wrote, "assure him that he does not lose them, that I see myself obliged to do so. »- but it is very reluctantly because he has the intimate conviction that the axolotl is a larva of a salamander. During the first half of the 19th century, two opposing theses divided naturalists. For some, like Benjamin Barton, Johan Jacob von Tschudi, Luigi Calori or Everard Horne, axolotls are a distinct species in their final form and do not undergo metamorphosis. Other naturalists, on the contrary, such as George Shaw, Pierre-André Latreille, Carl Mayer or John Edward Gray, are convinced that axolotls, although they can reproduce, are larvae of a species of salamander which we do not has not yet been able to observe the metamorphosis in adulthood. A crucial event took place in 1865. Professor Auguste Duméril, of the Muséum d'histoire naturelle in Paris, who had received several specimens of axolotls in 1864, observed a series of births: most of the newborns developed by reproducing the form of their parents, but a few underwent unexpected transformation into terrestrial salamander after losing their gills and membranous crest. This was proof that the axolotl was indeed a larval form and not a completed form. Duméril published in 1866 a memoir entitled "Observations on the reproduction, in the menagerie of reptiles of the Natural History Museum, of axolotls, urodel amphibians with external gills of Mexico, on their development and on their metamorphoses] New Archives of the Muséum d ' natural history of .... He concluded that the larval thesis was relevant. The following year, Duméril published a second memoir to describe another peculiarity of axolotls, their regenerative power, which sometimes gives rise to anatomical anomalies: “Description of various monstrosities observed at the reptile menagerie of the Natural History Museum on the urodel amphibians with external gills called axolotls ”. By the end of the 18th century, naturalists had experimented with the regenerative capacity of lizards and newts: in the latter, a limb cut seven times in a row grew back seven times and a new eye replaced the one which had been removed. Concerning the axolotls, Duméril notes "how powerful is the force which, in these animals, repairs the losses which the tissues have suffered" It is enlightening to compare the two articles devoted to the axolotl, twenty years apart, by the Grand Universal Dictionary of the 19th century (Larousse). In the 1866 edition, Duméril's results are not yet known, the classification of the axolotl is presented as doubtful while in the 2nd supplement, published in 1888, the axolotl is clearly identified as a larva of a salamander. and mention is made of its regenerative capacity. The laboratory animal ... From the beginning of the 20th century, due to its characteristics, the axolotl appeared to scientists as a remarkable laboratory animal for the study of developmental and evolutionary biology. In the years 1910-1920, Julian Huxley experimented with axolotls at the University of Oxford. The metamorphoses caused artificially and the success of transplants of supernumerary limbs are sometimes ideologically exploited as proof of the superiority of the theses advocating the modification of natural species (lysenkism) over the theory of genetic determinism: "The experiment practiced on l ' axolotl allowed Soviet scientists to deal a new blow to reactionary theories ”, one can read in the Soviet Studies. The biological specificities of axolotl - possibility of metamorphosis, capacity for regeneration, aptitude for grafts, frequency of genetic mutations in the species - are of great interest for the understanding of the mechanisms of normal or abnormal development (cancer) of cells. , organs, limbs, as well as the role of hormones and genes. The effects of vitamins, X-rays, hormones, environmental modifications, transplants, genetic manipulation, etc. are tested on axolotl. A search for the word "axolotl" on Google: The most frequent terms are significant: "regeneration", "development", "evolution", "metamorphosis", "mutation". The “fantastic” dimension for a layman - is present: white, blind or albino mutants, sex changes, transplants of paws and even extra heads. NJ De Both, “Transplantation of Axolotl heads”. Unclassability Science has come up against the problem of the place of the axolotl in the classification of animals. As HM Smith writes, “No animal […] has been more taxonomically treated than the axolotl HM Smith, discussed its place among amphibians that have acquired their final form or in the larval state. The discovery of his neotenia made him a paradoxical animal that can reproduce in the larval state. Anthropologist Mary Douglas has shown that animals perceived as unclassifiable in a culture - for example the pig among the Hebrews, because it has split feet but does not ruminate, or the pangolin among the Lele of Africa, because it lives on earth but has scales like a fish - are necessarily invested with a symbolic charge. Obviously comes under the imaginary of metamorphosis, so present in myths, legends, tales and fantastic literature, from Ovid to Kafka. The specificity of the metamorphosis of the axolotl is to be "possible" , unlike the tadpole which necessarily transforms into a frog, and certain amphibians, such as the proteus, whose metamorphosis is impossible. The optional metamorphosis prompts a series of questions. Why is there no metamorphosis? What can trigger the metamorphosis? What is the appearance of the animal after the metamorphosis? Knowing that the axolotl is the larval form of a salamander, the symbolism of the axolotl will join that of amphibians with metamorphosis, such as the frog, that is to say animals which pass to a higher level of development, and the axolotl has all the more "merit" that this transformation is "optional". The metamorphosis of amphibians is typically the passage from a lower world (larval state, water) to a higher world (adult state, air and earth). In the frog, the abandonment of the tail, which represents animality, is strongly symbolic. This animal is a symbol of birth and rebirth after death among the ancient Egyptians and Christians. For the modern mind, the metamorphosis of amphibians is an emblematic image of the evolutionary process, whether it is about the aquatic origin of life and the aerial adaptation of species emerging from the sea, or of the human birth when the newborn leaves the amniotic fluid for the open air. Biologists have pointed out the exceptionally long duration of the juvenile period in the human species and have not hesitated to apply to humans the term " néoténie ”thus opening the way to the idea that humanity is perhaps comparable to axolotls, awaiting some metamorphosis. This motif will not fail to be exploited by the literature of the imagination. Regeneration The astonishing ability of the axolotl to regenerate damaged tissues, damaged organs or amputated limbs naturally evokes mythological or legendary references: the magical regrowth of severed heads, for example the hydra of Lerna confronted by Hercules, or of legs. cut; the miraculous healing of wounds that are closing. By experimenting with axolotls, science seeks to realize the dream of medical techniques allowing man to regenerate diseased or mutilated parts of his body. The Mexican axolotl, "aquatic monster" in the Nahuatl language, object of scientific curiosity for its ability to regenerate damaged organs such as the eye or the brain, is threatened with extinction due to the pollution of its habitat in Xochimilco, lakeside area of southern Mexico. This small creature (Ambystoma mexicanum) which can reach 30 centimeters lives, reproduces and dies between 10 and 20 years while being always in the state of larvae. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. The color of this little salamander that refuses metamorphosis can range from milky white to inky black, including olive green. The axolotl can lay up to 1,500 eggs four times a year. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. The animal fascinates biologists who study its cellular programming allowing it a strong resistance to cancer and the possibility of recreating certain parts of its brain or of regenerating an eye. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. But it is a species at risk of extinction. There are now only 0.3 axolotl per square kilometer compared to 1,000 in 1996, according to a survey carried out this year by the National Autonomous University of Mexico (Unam) in the aquatic labyrinths of Xochimilco. This is due to the "poor quality of the water", polluted by the sewage of the megalopolis, the pesticides dumped by local farmers and the waste left by the thousands of tourists who visit this district, a remnant of Tenochtitlan, Mexico of the pre-Hispanic era, explains Cristina Ayala, expert in biological sciences. To this must be added the introduction since the 1970s of thousands of fish intended for fishing, such as Chinese carp or African tilapia. They adore the eggs of the axolotl and are a tough competitor for its diet. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. Rescue attempt A group of scientists from Unam have set up, under the auspices of the British University of Kent, a project to try to save the animal. This is to try to convince local farmers to give up the use of pesticides and aquaculture of foreign species, so that the axolotl can grow again in a favorable environment. In exchange, we would give local agricultural products an ecological certification, with the added value that this can mean in the market. For the moment, three experimental channels of Xochimilco have allowed the reproduction of a hundred animals, explains Horacio Mena, coordinator of the project, which includes laboratory breeding. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. A dozen farmers were convinced to adopt a system allowing the maintenance of the cleanliness of the canals thanks to aquatic plants. The location of these "refuges" is kept secret in order to prevent the theft of axolotl to resell it as a domestic animal or for the preparation of medicinal potions. The axolotl "grows in many laboratories around the world, in aquariums. Although it is thus preserved in an artificial way, it lives there a more cosmopolitan and transnational life", says with a smile the Mexican anthropologist Roger Bartra. For him, the animal's capacity to remain a larva is a metaphor for Mexican identity after the revolution of the early twentieth century, a being "stagnant in an apparent eternal youth", but unable to move towards modernity. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. Source: AFP Pátzcuaro (Mexico) - The purring of aquarium filters disturbs the tranquility of the monastery: several hours a day, Mexican nuns interrupt their prayers to take care of their breeding of achoques, aquatic salamanders that fascinate scientists for their ability to regenerate their damaged organs. Lake Patzcuaro, in the state of Michoacan (west), is the natural habitat of ambystoma dumerilii, the scientific name for this amphibian species. But the pollution of this vast body of water and the introduction of predatory fish have caused the achoques population to drop. So much so that this aquatic salamander with its green-brown skin spotted with black, and whose outer gills resemble a brown and spongy ruff, has been included on the red list of threatened species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN): in the "critically endangered" category, just before the "extinct in the wild" category. "There are very, very few achoques left in the wild", their number has dropped "dramatically" since the 1980s, Maria Esther Quintero, in charge of protected species at Conabio, a government entity, told AFP Mexican who studies biodiversity. Like its cousin the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), "aquatic monster" in the Nahuatl language, also threatened with extinction due to the pollution of its habitat in Xochimilco, a lake area in the south of Mexico, the achoque can regenerate its cells, which is of great interest to researchers, especially in the fight against cancer. For these reasons, achoque is prized for its supposed medical virtues and consumed in soup or syrup. Nuns at the Immaculate Mary of Health Monastery in the city of Patzcuaro have been brewing and selling it for over a century. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. - "One male and three females" - When they saw that the creatures at the origin of their livelihood were threatened, the nuns decided to act. At the instigation of a trained biologist priest, they rolled up the sleeves of their white clothes and started breeding between the walls of the monastery. "If we did nothing, (the achoque) would die out (...) It is to be fair with nature that we have started to work to preserve this species", explains Sister Maria del Carmen Pérez. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. Over the years, the nuns of this monastery have become true experts of this salamander. They found that the results were much better in the context of reproduction "with one male and three females," Sister Ofelia Morales Francisco, who has been devoted to this species for 18 years, told AFP. They also understood that the first female to lay eggs had to stay in the same aquarium, while the others were transferred to other jars. They fill two whole rooms of this religious building located on top of a hill in the town of Patzcuaro. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. Under the gaze of a baby Jesus and a cross placed near the aquarium-nursery, each female lays between 300 and 400 eggs at each laying. Then comes a delicate step: "take care of the little ones because there is a certain cannibalism between them", continues Sister Ofelia, who devotes some six hours a day to the reproduction of salamanders. These feed on crustaceans, small fish and different types of earthworms. The nuns are today at the maximum of the capacities of their breeding, which accommodates 300 individuals. But the lake remains too polluted to welcome achoques again, explains Sister Ofelia. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. - Donations and sacrifices - "This is why we give a part of this population to the universities. The rest of the surplus achoques, they are sacrificed to make the syrups", she indicates, stressing that the nuns also regularly cook "delicious soups" in achoques base. Sister Ofelia, on the other hand, refuses to expand on the proceeds from the sale of syrups. For Maria Esther Quintero, the expert of the Mexican authorities in charge of biodiversity, these nuns represent "the greatest hope" to preserve this species which "has the most important genome that we know", all species combined on Earth . The creature, which can be up to eight inches long, is "very important in research into tissue reproduction in humans," adds Quintero. Chester Zoo, near Liverpool in England, is working in partnership with a Mexican team to determine the precise number of achoques remaining in Lake Patzcuaro. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. The achoque is the terrible twin brother of the god Quetzalcoatl, according to purepecha mythology, an Amerindian people originally from the state of Michoacan. Ms Quintero believes that if invasive species, like carp, were removed from the lake, the achoche could return to the water where, according to this mythology, it had hid so as not to be sacrificed. The axolotl as a literary myth Three writers have exploited in a significant way the motif of the axolotl, in the different genres of imaginary literature: Robert Abernathy (L'axolotl, 1954) for science fiction, Julio Cortazar (Axolotl, 1956) for the fantastic, Caza (Axolotls, 1982) for the fantasy Editions used: "The axolotl" by Robert Abernathy .... It is no coincidence that the word "axolotl" appears in all the titles, even in Cortazar who would have yet could use the Spanish term ajolote. The word "axolotl", regardless of its Aztec origin, has a connotation of strangeness, even "extraterrestrial", and recalls the names given by Lovecraft American writer (1890-1937) known for his stories ... to his deities ( Cthulhu, Yog-Sothoth…). In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. Axolotl (1956) by Julio Cortazar: This fantastic short story by the Argentinian writer tells how a man, fascinated by the axolotls of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, finds himself in the body of one of them, while the spirit of the axolotl takes possession of its human fleshly envelope. "I glued my face to the glass of the aquarium, my eyes tried once more to unravel the mystery of those golden eyes without irises and without pupils. I could see the head of an axolotl motionless against the glass very closely. Without transition, without surprise, I saw my face against the glass, I saw it outside the aquarium, I saw it on the other side of the glass. Then my face moved away and I understood ”p. 263 .. As the narrator claims to have become an axolotl and to be in an aquarium, the material existence of the story must be justified: Cortazar finds a clever solution to this problem by making himself the man whose mind is that of an axolotl. The narrator ends his story with the following sentence: “It consoles me to think that he [the human in whom the spirit of the axolotl has passed] is perhaps going to write something about us; he will believe that he is inventing a tale and he will write it all on the axolotls ”p. 264 .. Thus, the narrator is a man who has become an axolotl and the writer is an axolotl who has become human. The game of metamorphoses - which here is rather an exchange of bodies, or of minds - appears even more complex when the tale suggests that the axolotls, with their almost mineral immobility, their "Aztec faces [which encourage one to] fall into the dark. mythology ”p. 262., leads the narrator to "see in the axolotls a metamorphosis which could not completely renounce a mysterious humanity". The axolotls seem to bear witness to “a distant abolished kingdom, a time of freedom when the world had belonged to the axolotls”, p. 263 .. We are thus tempted to make axolotls a symbolic figure of pre-Columbian civilizations which have disappeared. The insistence with which Cortazar recalls their Aztec name, their stone face and body, but also his identification with axolotls, go in this direction. This hypothesis is confirmed by two American researchers who find this motif of the Indian “double” and the exchange of personality in another Cortazar short story, La nuit face au ciel (1956), where an injured motorcyclist dying in a hospital identifies with a warrior sacrificed by the Aztecs TJ Knight & AH Krull, "The Hidden Indian in .... The tale of Cortazar also evokes the famous Chinese apologue where the sage Tchouang-Tseu, who dreams that he is a butterfly, wonders when he wakes up if he is not a butterfly dreaming that he is Tchouang-Tseu. The axolotl, emblem of metamorphosis and unclassability, to which is added an Aztec connotation, thus inspired Cortazar for this story in which the borders separating man and animal, past and present, the White and the Indian, the living and the mineral. Robert Abernathy's Axolotl (1954): In this story, published seven years before men were sent into space, Abernathy imagines that the first astronaut to leave Earth's atmosphere undergoes a metamorphosis that transforms him into a new being. , endowed with superior powers. The reference to the axolotl is explicit, not only in the title, but also in counterpoint paragraphs to the main text, which describe the life and transformation of the Mexican amphibian. The analogy is systematically developed. Like the axolotl, man is described as an unfinished form which has the capacity to reproduce in the larval state: “For a long time biologists have told us that man was only a retarded fetus, a sort of embryo that ages without ever really reaching adulthood. Now I know why: the conditions of maturity, the destiny for which we were created, do not exist on earth… ”R. Abernathy, op. cit., p. 57 .. Some axolotls, driven by their instinct, leave the “black mud [of] stagnant waters” to go towards air, earth and light; Likewise, the hero of Abernathy is moved by an irrepressible force which leads him to tear himself away from the Earth and its gravity, in order to reach space and the stars. During its metamorphosis, the axolotl loses its gills and the membranous crest allowing it to swim; the astronaut sees his fingernails fall, vestiges of our animality, and his lungs become useless in the space vacuum. The transformation takes place after the rocket passes through "primary cosmic rays [which are] to the unleashing of gamma rays produced by an atomic explosion what is, to the gentle lapping of a summer rain, a gust of machine gun ”p. 49 .. This precision deserves to be commented on: it again associates man and the axolotl since, in the 1950s, it was believed that space travel would be very dangerous because of cosmic rays and, at the same time, we were studying the mutagenic effects of radioactivity on axolotls. Finally, like the pale larva of the axolotl which turns into a tiger salamander, “a new creature […] with small shining eyes, covered with superb black and gold stripes” p. 52., the space man becomes a sort of angel with increased physical and psychic capacities. At the end of the news, the hero announces that all of humanity, entering the era of the conquest of space, is called to metamorphose. Axolotls (1982) de Caza: Author of fantasy, or “mythological science fiction”, Caza draws inspiration from myths and legends from various traditions to create his imaginary worlds See J.-B. Renard, “L'aginaire mythologique de Caza .... The comic book story Axolotls mixes the influence of Abernathy's short story, according to Caza himself, with Greek and Hebrew mythological references. the Axolotls, coarse, green, flabby humanoid creatures with webbed hands, wallowing in stinking swamps. One of them, named Promez, climbs out of the original mud and, in defiance, climbs on the colossal statue of the god Zeutàn. Fire from heaven then falls on the ungodly, but causing his metamorphosis into a Salamander, under the name of Luz'ifer. While the statue of Zeutàn collapses, all the people of the Axolotls, under the effect of fire, transform into Salamanders. Unlike Axolotls, Salamanders stand upright, they are red in color, their skin is covered with scales and they live in fire.The zoological imagination of the axolotl is here anthropomorphized in the form of humanoids . There are also obvious mythological references: we recognize the Greek myth of Prometheus (Promez) stealing fire from Zeus (Zeutàn = Zeus + Wotan), just like the Hebrew myth of Lucifer (etymologically "bearer of light") who rebelled against God. As often with Caza, a comparison can be made with William Blake who, in Le Livre d'Urizen (1794), exploited this myth of rebellion against God. The metamorphosis of the Axolotl into a Salamander also recalls the Jewish legend according to which the primordial Adam was a creature without intelligence who moved by crawling: he acquired the upright posture only when God gave him a soul L. Ginzberg, The Legends des Juifs, Paris, Cerf, 1997, .... The symbol of fire allows Caza to make the link between Prométhée, Lucifer and the Salamanders, whom a magical belief identifies with “spirits of fire”. The Salamander Luz'ifer is the symbolic figure of a rebirth, even a resurrection. From the aquatic world, cold and dark, where the Axolotls live, an almost Christic call rises: “Father, have you abandoned us? We vegetate in the shadowy valleys, while your forehead touches the lights of the sky! »Caza, op. cit., p. 43. After its mutation, the Salamander becomes a Homo erectus, in every sense of the word: it acquires the vertical station, passing from enslaved animality to liberated "humanity", and its soft Axolotl penis has become a triumphant phallus. Art historian Leo Steinberg has shown that sexual erection was a frequent symbol of resurrection, from Osiris to Christ, including the ithyphallic gods of Greco-Roman antiquity L. Steinberg, La Sexuality of Christ in the art of .... Conclusion Taking up an idea put forward by Henri Bergson, Caillois considers that the instinctive behaviors of animals have their double in the symbolic imagination of man. What is biological instinct in the first is a mythical representation in the second See R. Caillois, Le Mythe et l'Homme, Paris, Gallimard, .... For example, the behavior of the praying mantis or of certain spiders has the corresponding the mythical motif of the demonic female devouring or castrating the man she has seduced. It is the same for the axolotl, whose neotenia, the possible metamorphosis and the capacity of regeneration correspond to the myth of the refusal to grow, to the hope of a resurrection and to the dream of self-healing. We find other illustrations of this imaginary in contemporary culture, albeit marginally, beyond the three works presented above. Thus Frank Herbert, author of the famous science fiction cycle Dune (1969-1984), named axolotl tank ("axolotl caisson") an "apparatus for the reproduction of a living human being from the cells of his corpse". the playful childish universe, marked by Japanese creations, we find an explicit reference to the axolotl in a few characters of the Pokémon, created in 1996 and Wooper is a simplified representation of the axolotl with its external gills and its flat tail. Moreover the name Wooper comes from wooper looper, English phoneticization of the Japanese words upa rupa (pronounced “oupa loupa”) which designate in Japan the axolotls sold as domestic animals. Wooper's French name is Axoloto! The creature can transform into Quagsire, which means "the lord of the swamps", hence its French name: Maraiste. It is only metaphorically, finally, that authors invoke the figure of the axolotl. In his work on Mexicans (La Jaula de la melancolia: identidad y metamorfosis del Mexicano, 1987), anthropologist Roger Bartra considers that, like the axolotl, Mexican identity is larval and as doomed to remain unfinished. . The philosopher Gilles A. Tiberghien, in Le Principe de l'axolotl (1990), makes the contemporary traveler the “place of a future that never takes place”, while the novelist Myriam Donzelot, in La Métamorphose de l ' axolotl (2004), describes the psychological uncertainties of his heroine. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. ________________________________________ Bibliographical references • R. Abernathy, “L'axolotl”, in Histoires de cosmonautes, Paris, Le Livre de Poche, 1974, pp. 39-58. • RW Balch and David Taylor, “The cult of UFOs”, Psychology, n ° 85, February 1977, pp. 35-41. • J. Bourke, “Popular medicine, customs, and superstitions of the Rio Grande,” The Journal of American Folklore, vol. 7, n ° 25, April-June 1894, pp. 119-146. • P. Brunel, Le Mythe de la métamorphose, Paris, Armand Colin, 1974. • R. Caillois, Le Mythe et l'Homme, Paris, Gallimard, 1972 (1938). • R. Caillois, La Pieuvre. Essay on the logic of the imaginary, Paris, La Table Ronde, 1973. Caza, “Axolotls”, in Caza, Arkhê, Geneva, Les Humanoïdes Associés, 1991, pp. 39-48. • J. Cortazar, "Axolotl", in R. Caillois (ed.), Anthology of the fantastic, t. II, Paris, Gallimard, 1966, pp. 259-264. • NJ De Both, “Transplantation of Axolotl heads”, Science, vol. 162, n ° 3852, 1968, pp. 460-461. •VS. Desroches Noblecourt, The Fabulous Heritage of Egypt, Paris, Pocket Editions, 2006, chap. III, pp. 52-63. • Mr. Donzelot, The Metamorphosis of the axolotl, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2004. • M. Douglas, Of the taint. Essays on the concepts of pollution and taboo, trad. A. Guérin, Paris, François Maspero, 1971 (1967). • Soviet Studies, No. 45, 1952, p. 78. • L. Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, Paris, Cerf, 1997, t. I, p. 202. • Grand Universal Dictionary of the 19th century (Larousse), volume 1, 1866, p. 1100. • Grand Universal Dictionary of the 19th century (Larousse), 2nd supplement, volume 17, 1888, p. 428. • F. Herbert, Les Hérétiques de Dune, Cycle de Dune, volume 5, Paris, Pocket, 1984. • F. Herbert, L'Empereur-dieu de Dune, Cycle de Dune, volume 4, Paris, Pocket, 1981. • F. Herbert, Le Messie de Dune, Cycle de Dune, volume 2, Paris, Pocket, 1969. • D. Kiley, The Peter Pan Syndrome, trans. J. Duriau, Paris, Laffont, 1985 (1983). • TJ Knight & AH Krull, “The Hidden Indian in Cortazar's“ Axolotl ””, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, vol. 15, n ° 4, November 1973, pp. 488-493. • L. Lazard, “Néoténie”, Encyclopædia Universalis, t. 16, 2002, pp. 35-36. • S. Lequeux, "In Martian in the text: panorama of extraterrestrial vocabulary in French science fiction literature" in J. Rousseau (ed.), L'Invention verbale en français contemporain, Paris, Les Cahiers du CIEP / Didier, 2003, pp. 46-54. • New Archives of the Natural History Museum of Paris, volume 2, 1866, pp. 265-292. • New Archives of the Natural History Museum of Paris, volume 3, 1867, pp. 119-130. • G. Posener, Dictionary of Egyptian civilization, Paris, Hazan, 1959, p. 196. • J.-B. Renard, “From animal instinct to human myth. Note on the continuist theory of myth ”, Cahiers de l'Imaginaire, n ° 22, 2007, pp. 11-15. • J.-B. Renard, “The mythological imaginary of Caza” in Collectif, Caza. A monograph, Saint-Égrève (Isère), Mosquito, 2000, pp. 100-110. • J.-B. Fox, The Extraterrestrials. A New Religious Belief ?, Paris, Cerf, 1988. • HM Smith, “The Mexican Axolotl: some misconceptions and problems”, BioScience, vol. 19, n ° 7, July 1969, pp. 593-615. • L. Steinberg, The Sexuality of Christ in Renaissance Art and its Modern Repression, trad. J.-L. Houdebine, Paris, Gallimard, 1987 (1983). • S. Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk-Literature, vol. 2, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1989 (1955-1958). • GA Tiberghien, Le Principe de l'axolotl, Paris, Actes Sud, 1990.

Les algues, le cauchemard de tout aquariophile. Apprenez à les identifier et les éradiquer lampe anti algues UV IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF ALGAE Share Chihiros Doctor Twinstar algae inhibitor We will identify each type of freshwater algae and then learn how to eliminate them. However, you should know that on a newly installed tank it is normal to have algae, do not worry, everything will return to order without your intervention. On the other hand, in a normally broken-in tank, the proliferation of algae always comes from a deficiency, from unsuitable lighting or from the parameters and quality of your water. An explosion of algae is a sign of a significant imbalance. Algae benefit from an excess of nitrates (No3) or phosphates (PHo4) or from the lack of a trace element that paralyzes the growth of plants. A poorly maintained filter accelerates the growth of algae by leaving nutrients in the water that benefit them. Filters produce nitrates and too much nitrates grow algae! it is therefore necessary to wash and maintain its filters carefully. There are 2 main groups of algae: Macro-algae which are fixed in a thallus (organized like a plant) and phytoplankton, which floats in open water (clouds the water). To limit or avoid the invasion of algae when starting a new aquarium You are advised to: - plant as many fast-growing plants as possible (see list in section "plants for our loulous") to create competition, (even if it means removing some within 6 months when the balance begins to improve and replace them small little by little by other plants which grow less quickly but which will be larger or more decorative; Anubias, Echinodorus) - do not light all the neon or led tubes at once for 12 hours .... but only connect 2/3 of the lighting for about 10 hours then gradually increase over 2-3 months. To limit the presence of algae, you must - good lighting, 1 Watt for 2 liters of water. In lumens: ideally 30 lumens per liter) for 11 to 12 hours and in one go. (No cut, the plants do not really appreciate. For our axolotls we can clearly reduce this number of lumens of course but you have to choose the suitable plants (see plants section) which will be fast-growing plants, which allows them to compete with algae; - LEDs with a temperature (see lighting section) of 6000 to 7000 K or neon tubes changed every 10 to 12 months. After this time, they still light, but their spectrum has changed and it is the algae that benefit. - levels of Nitrates and Phosphates kept low: The major effect of nitrates is to boost the growth of algae, since these are their basic nutrients. - a well-monitored iron level. Too much iron encourages algae and not plants. In general, an iron level of 0.05 to 0.1 mg / l is recommended. Bad advice Avoid using anti-algae products, which upset the balance of the aquarium and create other problems. Anti-algae also act on plants by growth inhibitors, they do not only block the growth of algae ... but they also stop the growth of plants which again promotes the growth of algae and therefore the remedy is worse than evil! It is sometimes recommended to cut the lighting for 4-5 hours in the middle of the day! This affects the algae, but especially the higher plants that are the plants. We manage to limit algae by respecting basic rules - regular water changes 30% per month. Overpopulation = pollution. - lots of plants, and give preference to fast growing plants. - no overfeeding. - regular monitoring of nitrates and phosphates. It is useless and harmful to aim for a rate of zero No3 nor zero Po4, a little Nitrates and Phosphates are necessary. Ideally, a rate of 15-20 mg / L of NO3 and a rate of 1 mg / L of Po4 prevents algae growth and promotes plant growth! In the event of a lack of No3, it is recommended to space out the water changes or even to slightly pollute the tank, for example by increasing the distribution of food to increase the nitrogen load a little. We can also simply add Nitrate of potassium, (KNO3). Clean the new plants well to avoid incorporating algae in your aquarium, adding a few drops of bleach but never more than a minute in this mixture. Siliceous or diatom algae They are present on rocks, elements of the decor or even on the sand. It is most often algae present on a very young tank as we have seen above. On an older tank this means that the lighting is no longer sufficient or that the water no longer contains the necessary nutrients. In a new tank, brown algae (diatoms) are almost inevitable but they are not very invasive. They usually disappear on their own in 1 or 2 months as soon as the aquarium balance improves. There is not yet a balance between the quantity of plants, the number of fish and the doses of food distributed in the tank. The bacterial population of the aquarium is developing, the plantation must grow, in short the aquarium needs time for a more or less precarious balance to be put in place. Normally, if the water and lighting settings are right, the brown algae will slip away over time. Depending on the region, the mains water may have a high silicate content (there may be up to 30 or 40 mg / l of silicon dioxide (SiO2)) in such a case, the use of water reverse osmosis may prove to be essential. Encrusting, lining seaweed They arrive very quickly in a new tank, and are generally a sign that the balance is good. They are relatively discreet, grow on the decor and windows, but do not invade everything. Snails (especially Neritinas) and most herbivorous fish eat them. On the glass of an aquarium intended for axolotls they are simply removed by using an old credit card or a loyalty card as a "scraper". It does not scratch the windows and it is very effective. Filamentous green algae They grow in healthy bins, good news, right? They have the same requirements as plants, their appearance is a good sign, they are ugly, but not harmful, it is enough to remove them by hand or by wrapping them around a stick (cotton candy), because they enter into compete with plants and consume the same nutrients. Oedogonium They appear in the form of filaments of 2 to 20 mm, firmly attached to the leaves or to the decoration. These "hairs" are very fine and light green and quickly cover the upper surface of plants like a fur ... Not to be confused with brush algae. They settle on tall leaves, close to the light and all plants can be dressed like this. These algae reproduce very quickly and can invade a tank that has too high a nitrate level. Natural method: To eradicate them, it is generally sufficient to find the right water parameters by lowering the phosphates and especially the nitrates by large regular water changes. Ampullaria, planorbs and some fish graze them. Phospahates and nitrates can also be reduced by using resins or special filtering masses of the genus Nitrat-ex or Phos-ex. 9 times out of 10, it suffices to restore the correct parameters to eliminate the algae. There is no point in treating with an anti-algae product if the cause of their proliferation cannot be found, they will return systematically and the plants will be increasingly weakened. Many algaecides contain copper, which is very harmful to the invertebrates in the tank and which will therefore kill snails and shrimps, which are valuable auxiliaries in the fight against green algae. Fish without scales, such as Loricariids, do not like copper build-up either. And obviously the axolotl which would die very quickly. Cyanobacteria (slimy blue / green algae) Fish or snails do not eat them because they are toxic and commercial anti-algae products have no effect. It occurs more easily in tanks where the nitrate level is almost zero or even not measurable. It is therefore sometimes necessary to add potassium nitrate (KNO3) But before playing the apprentice chemist come and seek advice, a too rapid increase would have devastating effects. Never more than 5ppm in the end. And it is especially necessary to have confirmation on the identification of the algae. How to get rid of it in a natural way? It is necessary to remove the greatest possible quantity by siphoning them every day, by cleaning very carefully the parts of the decoration which are affected (wash them in 70% bleach and 30% water then rinse well and dry), changing more water and more often, in short by significantly improving the quality of the water in the tank. But that's not all... Cyano has been present on land (and in rivers, lakes and sea) for 3.5 billion years. It is adapted to survive! It uses the carbon present in the air and in the water, so in the event of cyano leaving, it is imperative to cut the co2, if you inject it. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. The water changes will not work miracles, in fact the cyanobacteria uses carbon from the air and nitrates are not the only ones responsible for its spread elsewhere. Anti algae products are ineffective !! In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. The causes : water saturated with nitrates, phosphates and silicates and other organic matter whose threshold has exceeded the reasonable, the tests do not detect them and this water provides permanent nourishment for cyano. the water does not have a "dirty" appearance for this it can even be crystalline) In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. Often the multiple attempts to remove this "algae" only through water changes and a blackout are in vain, we see their return after three days The water purifier, resi-filter clean water from zolux works well and one day after more traces of cyano normally. Lighting is not the cause of everything but indeed like low oxygen water (so think of oxygenating plants) and a stagnant environment, all these elements greatly favor its appearance! Summary: aqua well planted, water well stirred and oxygenated and you will be able to avoid its appearance. These are red algae that can appear in a black color, also green. They grow in thick clumps on slow growing plants like anubias, certain ferns or echinodorus and even on your soil. They appreciate the current, they are often seen in well-stirred areas of the aquarium and on the filter outlet pipe. They often come from a lack of phosphates. Or an imbalance between phosphates and nitrates (the main cause of many algae) A ratio of 10 nitrates to 1 phosphate is ideal (10 mg / l of nitrates for 1 mg / l of phosphates). All these algae benefit "thanks" to poor maintenance: infrequent or irregular water changes, ditto for your filter media. Personally I had to fight against these algae brought by new plants which were affected, it was enough to place them with water from their aquarium in a bucket in the dark for 15 days and the plants still affected remained one at a time. two more weeks until eradication of this algae. Brush algae Green algae are, for their part, linked to too intense light. They cover the decor, the sand, the windows and the plants. To eliminate them, it is enough to reduce the lighting or change the power of the neon lights. They are also often present when the aquarium is exposed to outside light, to the sun. In this case, only moving the bin can remedy the problem or obscure the windows. Brown algae , conversely, are linked to a lack of light. They are often present when filling the aquarium with water, and disappear by themselves within a few weeks. They spread over plants and decor like fine rust dust. By rubbing gently with your finger, they disappear. Other algae, such as blue algae, brown filamentous algae, brush algae are mainly due to poor balance in the aquarium. It is therefore not uncommon to meet them in a newly filled or poorly maintained tank. Too high levels of nitrates and phosphates benefit the algae, which then spreads quickly. Check the aquarium water settings. Some tips to fight against algae: Monitor the good health of your plants, they are in direct competition with algae. Do regular aquarium maintenance by changing 20% of the water every week, taking care to siphon the bottom with the hose. Temporarily reduce the lighting duration Check the condition of the neon tubes. After a year, they must be changed. T est the quality of the aquarium water : a high nitrate level is often responsible for the appearance of algae. Also test for phosphates. It is necessary to have a proportion of 10 to 1 between nitrates and phosphates: with a rate of nitrates at 10, there must be a rate of phosphates at 1. An imbalance between phosphates and nitrates benefits the algae. Decrease the amount of food and increase water changes if the nitrate level is too high. Eliminate all the leaves of plants affected by algae , this will prevent their spread. If your population allows it, prefer rather acidic water, a basic pH would promote the proliferation of algae. In a planted aquarium, add fast growing plants , they absorb nitrates and prevent algae from spreading. The more plants there are, the less algae there is! Avoid adding too much liquid fertilizer to your plants: an excess promotes algae. Of course, also be careful not to overpopulate your aquarium , the resulting pollution promotes algae. In any case, never use chemicals to overcome it. They are harmful to the balance of the aquarium and are not very effective. In addition, very often, if there has been a result, the algae will return afterwards since the cause of the problem has not been eliminated. Instead of attempting chemicals, in extreme cases you can attempt to submerge the aquarium in complete darkness for 5 days. This technique seems to work, although again it will not solve the cause of the problem. Either way, be patient, algae in a newer aquarium is normal. After a maximum of 6 months everything must be back to normal. Click the picture to order it Chihiros Doctor Twinstar algae inhibitor - Electronic system against the development of algae in the aquarium - Third generation - With converter adapter Dimensions of the filter: 62 x 62 mm - Dimensions of the filter net: 95 x 50 mm. Material: plastic. This inhibitor suppresses the growth of algae while protecting fish and axolotls of course. It covers up to 90% of the size of aquariums on the market and reduces user costs. Inhibits algae and promotes plant growth. Slows down the initial growth and reproduction of phytoplankton. Activates trace elements to stimulate plant growth. Eliminates pathogens including those which are carcinogenic. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it.

Il y a des indispensables à acheter avant d'installer vos loulous à la maison. Les tests en goutte pour l'eau, le sel régénérant pour les soins, etc. Haut de page tests tests USEFUL EQUIPMENT In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. A landing net , and an algae squeegee, a micro-fiber or simply a new sponge with a white side to scratch that will only be used in the aquarium, you also have the magic sponges that I particularly like. Choose a landing net adapted to the estimated size of your axolotls once they are adults (so you don't have to buy one a few months later!). Personally I prefer to grab them by hand (more precisely with both hands) to prevent them from getting stuck on a gill or twisting a finger etc. Obviously always wash your hands well before introducing them into the aquarium otherwise pathogenic elements are introduced. A vacuum cleaner or a simple transparent flexible hose (cut in any DIY store) to siphon the waste (see on youtube channel how to do this, link at each top of the page). An aerator (we also say "bubbler" or "air pump"): do not forget the flexible tube, preferably silicone, and the stone! The aerator is optional in a properly planted tank and if the water is well stirred (example: clearly visible movement created on the surface by the ejection of water through the filter). This especially for people who have unfortunately decided not to put real plants in their aquarium or also useful in "hospital" containers. A bubbler also consumes oxygen, its usefulness remains mainly decorative (although a source of stress for many axolotls), in a properly planted aquarium it is of little use. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. Here are the basic tests to absolutely have: NO2 and NO3, Ph, Gh, Kh, (to push a little further the tests Po4 and Nh3, phosphates and pure ammonia). The tests can be bought individually; you don't necessarily have to invest in a case. The ideal JBL brand drop tests you can also use the new Proscan JBL test which also provides elements on CO2, chlorine and Gh (GH = sum of ph and Kh), but to be done in the morning light for a good definition of the colors and the no2 and no3 are unreliable. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. tests to check the parameters of your water (Click on the images to be redirected to the merchant site) (Click on the images to be redirected to the merchant site) Use the JBL drop tests for no2 and no3 with this test using the phone Share A bucket for the exclusive use of aquas (and not for washing the floor), a thermometer. Plastic bins for example storage bins sold in stores like Gi * y or La foiref *** lle: many use tupperware but larger bins are still much more comfortable for your kitties. Why ? the height that prevents your axolotl from jumping out of the water, and a little bigger space to avoid any stress. If it is for a simple 15/20 treatment, minutes do not need a lot of space, but if it is necessary to stay there for a week or more for X reasons, it is essential. Nuancier de JBL pour les NO3 (ligne du bas pour les axolotls) Second nuancier de JBL pour les NO3 (ligne du milieu pour les axolotls) cleaning sponges These sponges are particularly useful for cleaning the walls of your aquarium without having to scrub! Do not take that of the brand Mr Pr **** (for example) which they contain a foaming product) And this is what a quarantine or care tank looks like! You see they have room to stretch their legs. When we talk about "tupp" it is not a tiny little food tray that will waste your axo instead of healing it. If you have to go on vacation a vending machine can be useful :) (Click on the images to be redirected to the merchant site) Click on the pictures to order Bottom vacuums Battery-powered bubbler for total autonomy, removals, filtration that breaks down Aquarium bubbler Montmorillonite clay : useless with your axolotls and increases the minerality of the water In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. It is a mineral composed of hydrated aluminum silicate and magnesium. Belonging to the group of smectites, family of phyllosilicates. clay in general is a good magnet of heavy metals and harmful water inputs it has a major defect, it makes the water cloudy and can clog the filters. Which is a shame because some people use it as a flocculant (to clarify the water) but apart from in a basin, cloudy water is not normal, and we must therefore find the cause (Gh too high, pollution of the water). In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. Composition: Si (Silicon), the main nutrient in the construction of the exoskeleton of shrimp. The shrimp shell will be hardened after the moulting period. Mg (magnesium), activator of several enzymatic systems, also promotes digestion of shrimp. Ca (calcium), essential in improving the osmoregulation of shrimp. Montmorillonite is a clay beneficial to shrimps mainly, helping them to moult and fortify their shell, it contains minerals beneficial for their health. Improves their coloring, helps eliminate pollutants (natural ion exchanger). Use 10 g for 2000 liters of (0.5g for 100 liters of at per week. Inexpensive product. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. But what is there in the clay? ... well there you go ... And it can help to choose the right one according to what you are looking for as a result but also according to the population of the bac .. . some (like axolotls) do not support iron or copper ... you might as well avoid adding too much. A healthy aquarium doesn't need any additions. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it.

Voici dans ce tutoriel la façon de procéder pour constuire un décor plein de caractère et rendre votre aquarium unique ! EXPANDED FOAM AND CONCRETE DECOR CREATION Share Photos and tutorial from Harold Brasier, thank you for sharing! Material: 1-cutter 2-pvc pipe (but ultimately possible to make holes without them) 3- a wooden support (best in filmed CP to avoid covering it with mortar) 4- three bombs of expansive foam (two would have been enough for this type of decoration) 5- 15kg waterproof mortar (several layers) 6- epoxy resin 123 special aquarium

L'axolotls comme ses congénères aquatiques attrape des maladies, infections ou peut etre blessé, le soigner oui, mais comment? OODINIUM Share Recognize and cure velvet disease or oodinium Oodinium is a microscopic parasite that is both animal and plant. It can live by photosynthesis in bright conditions just like algae, but can also feed on the skin of axolotls and fish like a parasite. The odinium encysts on the skin of the axolotl and in a first stage we can see yellow to white spots in excess not to be confused with simple spots of depigmentation or the disease of the white spots. Rapid identification and medication is necessary. We can observe that the axolotl (or fish) rubs on different surfaces. Due to the ability of the odinium to photosynthesize, bright lights make its propagation worse. When an outbreak occurs, dimming the lights will help treat your pet more quickly. Treatment A home remedy known to aquarists is to raise the temperature of the aquarium to 32 ° C, turn off the lights and medicate with salt and copper sulphate, this remedy is unfortunately not possible with an axolotl which would succumb immediately and to copper and copper. heat. So treat with Protazol (pet store) at the rate of 1 ml per 20 liters of water and combine with salt baths to prepare the skin before the treatment so that the product is well absorbed, an intensive salt bath (3 teaspoons for 1 liter of water for 10 minutes this will promote skin / water exchanges then treatment with protazol in the aquarium at the rate of 1 ml for 20 liters of water and finally change of 80% of the water in your aquarium 24 hours after. But, sometimes the parasite can persist because it is able to infect the intestines and be protected from drugs. In addition, when the cyst phase of the oodinium is reached, it seems that it is more resistant to treatment. It is therefore necessary to restart the treatment about 5 days after the end of the first one, this time we advise you to do it in a tank since it has been eliminated from your aquarium.

Il est tres simple de faire éclore des nauplies d'artémias, d'élever des daphnies ou microvers, voyons comment à l aide de différentes méthodes. Haut de page eclosoir Haut de page eclosoir Haut de page eclosoir eclosoir Salt ratio (dishwasher or table-top) for water for hatching of the brine shrimp eggs: 3 teaspoons for 500 ml of water. NAUPLIES D'ARTEMIAS BREEDING Share We will discuss here the different methods to give birth to nauplia at home, in order to feed your juvenile axolotls. Below you will find two sellers of live food, methods of raising your daphnia and at the bottom of the page your microvers. Nafplions (1st stage of artemia Artemias (adult stage) First of all, get artemia eggs or more precisely cysts. Their quality is vital for the success of the project. In the juvenile food section you have a seller of top quality cysts Avoid brine shrimp mixes. In other words the mixture of salt and cysts (eggs) their performance is poor compared to the mixtures that you will make yourself. Dosages: 3 teaspoons of dishwasher salt for one of the cysts (or whatever else we rinse the nauplii before distributing them) personally I have always used this one with very good results; for 0.5 liter of water. The doses being set, let's move on to the different methods: (Click on the images to be redirected to the merchant site if a replacement basket is needed) Disc hatcher (Click on the images to be redirected to the merchant site) ideal for beginners because really the easiest for harvesting, it is necessary to have two in order to launch one as soon as the other makes its first nauplia, be careful: the shells of cysts are totally indigestible and quickly kill the loulous . ( Explanatory video section social networks then youtube ) The artemias jbl kit gives a good quantity of nauplia it requires a bubbler. Many use the tap below to open it on a sieve (perpetual coffee filter or sieve at 4 € in pet stores) To make your own hatcheries, here are two fairly widespread processes that have been tested for years: Use a plastic bin that has contained ice, for example, to avoid monopolizing a tupperware It must be translucent, it must be blackened on its half and its cover (black tape, marker). You also need a piece of foam (large holes) which will serve as a partition in order to have the cysts (eggs on one side and let the nauplia once hatched go through the foam to the other side (attracted by the source). light that you will have positioned) it must not exceed in height in order to allow the lid to be closed. Just place a light source on the translucent side and the brine shrimp pass through the moss towards the light. You have to put a black cover on the box, that goes without saying. It is better to start several of them two days apart so that you have brine shrimp available every day. The dosage is 30 g per liter of water. Basket-shaped sieve click on the image to be directed to a merchant site Always rinse the collected nauplia in the sieve in order to remove the salt which as you know is harmful to axolotls (and then they are freshwater animals ...) Many use simple tubs with bubblers and sugar at the end. It is necessary to disconnect the bubbler 1/4 of an hour, half an hour before the harvest so that the cysts separate from the nauplia and attract the latter with a torch or flashlight. And yes, they are drawn to the light. Then one siphons with a pipe for bubbler or a syringe with flexible pipe at the end. You can keep them a little longer by feeding the nafplions with Mikrozell ou ici >> oeufs d'artémias LIVE FOOD PURCHASE Juvenile food purchase For those who are interested you can order from Fred: Shipping costs are included! Cysts 5 gr: 2 euros Cysts 10 gr: 3 euros Cysts 30 gr: 8 euros (enough to raise a laying of 10 juveniles) Cysts 50 gr: 13 euros Cysts 100 gr: 27 euros Cysts 200 gr: 54 euros In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. Catappa: 4 euros for 12 sheets (10 paid and 2 free) The following prices are to be requested from the seller, he will adapt to the quantity: Marine and freshwater phytoplankton, Marine copepods, paddy rice for infusoria, Catappa (leaves and seeds), microvers, Vinegar eels, alder fruits, grindals. You can contact him via his mailbox telling him that it is from Nathalie anubis38400@hotmail.com so you will have a few extra grams;) BREEDING DAPHNIES & PURCHASING LIVE FOOD This article was shared by Olivier. He can also provide you with strains of daphnia (prices and details at the end of the article). Daphnia: After some research on the net and translation of the text, here is a method for breeding Daphnia. Daphnia are also known as "water bugs" or "water fleas" due to their jerky movement. They live in fresh water and are really easy to grow at home. Daphnia can be given regularly to your fish to vary the diet, or seasonally to promote reproduction. They can be used as food for both small and large fish. Unlike dried or frozen foods that are not eaten, Daphnia do not pollute the water. They stay alive in the aquarium until a fish eats them. Growing Daphnia at home is economical and will provide you with a constant source of living food without the risk of transmitting disease. To start your own Daphnia culture, you must purchase a starter culture from your local fish store, aquarium club, online store, or from an individual. Place the container you plan to use for growing Daphnia under lighting. Artificial light works just as well as sunlight, so you can for example place it under a lamp in your basement. Add water to a container and pour in a strain of Daphnia. Add very weak bubbling, just to pierce the surface and prevent the water from stagnating and depleting oxygen. Maintain the water temperature around 20-24 C °. Mixing a packet of dry yeast with a cup of soy flour will provide you with a great food source for your Daphnia. Stir 1 / 8-1 / 4 teaspoon of this mixture into a cup of hot water and pour it into your Daphnia container. This creates a cloud in the water. It is not necessary to feed your Daphnia again until they have filtered and consumed all the yeast flour (ie when the water has turned clear again). Avoid overfeeding, because if you pollute the water, the daphnia will die. A filtration system should not be used in the breeding container. Small, regular water changes are the best way to maintain water quality. You can combine water changes with harvest by using a siphon to suck up some of the water and filter through a dip net. The water collected can then be replaced with a new one and the landing net will be filled with Daphnia for your fish. You will also need to remove the deposit from the bottom of the container every two weeks. Use a sieve to sort the daphnia by size. This way you will have the big Daphnia for the big fish, the small Daphnia for the small fish and the tiny daphnia for the fry. Here are some foods that you can use to feed your daphnia: green water, yeast, active yeast, soy or wheat flour, infusoria, bacteria, the most used are yeast and green water. To promote the development of bacteria and microorganisms, you can add (in a sock or stocking), a small handful of horse manure or potting soil (this is not mandatory) in the water. Here is an interesting link: http://www.cerclaqua09.cerclaqua.com/eaudouce/articles/daphnies.php A small video that must be translated for the recipe: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=bVGEZX7BTPM Example of a recipe for feeding Daphnia: 1 part of spirulina 1 part rice flour 1 part green pea powder If the breeding of daphnia is planned to be carried out indoors use water from your aquarium. Place this water in a container on a window sill in bright light. The water will turn green in a few days. To maintain green water indoors, you just need to put on intense lighting for 12 to 14 hours a day and add a few drops of liquid fertilizer per week (2 or 3 drops no more). If your Daphnia breeding is intended to be done outdoors, there is no need to wait for the water to turn green. Outdoor breeding is simple: - A large container with non-chlorinated water without fish, or better still water from an aquarium (during a water change, for example). You can use a trash can or a plastic drum, a small preformed basin, an old bathtub ... - A strain of Daphnia and let nature take its course. Rearing daphnia is easier outdoors than in an aquarium. The downside is that in winter the stock is almost zero. Personally, I have the opportunity to be able to breed outdoors, so I have never tried indoors ... I do not distribute any food. I let nature take its course and the daphnia thrive very well all summer. In winter, even if the container freezes, do not empty it. The slime contains 'lasting' eggs which will wait for favorable conditions to hatch and give birth to a new generation. WARNING If you want to bring food to your daphnia, you should not put too much of it, so as not to pollute the water and lose everything. PURCHASE Available: - Vinegar eels 3 euros per strain - Micro-towards 3 euros per strain - To grindal 3 euros per strain - Daphnia magna 3 euros per strain - Tetra Discus pellets 6 euros per 1/2 Liter (150gr), 10 euros per Liter (300gr) - TetraMin straws 4 euros per 1/2 Liter (100gr), 7 euros per Liter (200gr) - Artemia cysts (to hatch) 3.50 euros for 10gr - Orange planorbes 1 euro for 10 - Neocaridina davidi Sakura red shrimps 2 euros each or 15 euros for 10 For all orders and information: olivier.c28630@gmail.com BREEDING OF MICRO WORMS AND DAPHNIA For first age juveniles: Micro worms The breeding is very simple and takes place in jars (jam type) with at the bottom a good cm of a mixture of oats and brewer's yeast (culture medium), the small worms will then migrate on the walls. from the jar where it will be very easy to take them with a damp brush that I rinse in a small pot (of glass yoghurt) filled with water they will fall to the bottom then I take them and distribute them with a pipette. Here is the recipe for the culture medium I use: 4 volumes of oatmeal 1 volume of brewer's yeast (it can be replaced by a packet of dehydrated Baker's yeast, the medium is 3 times more productive, but lasts 2 times less) 3 volumes of water. https://youtu.be/SrWSdxx8qEo We can also use for their culture mashed potato flakes, bread, couscous semolina ... Pour a good cm of the mixture at the bottom of the pot, introduce the strain on the surface, stir lightly, close the pot and drill 3 or 4 small holes to allow them to breathe. Transplanting takes place after 3 to 4 weeks. Take from the old strain well 3 teaspoons and inoculate the new culture pot. Then add about once a week the oatmeal or mash, remembering to moisten the medium to allow the development of micro worms. It's time to make another pot when it's almost full In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. For juveniles from one month old, live bloodworms are found in the silt of ponds and ponds and obviously in pet shops and fishing stores. they can be stored either in a newspaper in a cool place at the bottom of the regrigerator, or in aquarium water changed every two days in a pot at the bottom of the refrigerator. Daphnia Pulex and Magna: First of all, you have to get a stump, the former are smaller than the latter. Then in green water or the water of one of your aquarium put your daphnia it will then suffice to feed them with Hobby brand infusoria protogen , we can also leave them outdoors only in a container of water, the algae will be enough to feed them., or even mikrozell as if to feed the nafplions. Bloodworms have no nutritional value, so we use them instead to move our juveniles to a more substantial food after the artemia nauplia and we mix them with the 3 mm pellets in order to get them used to the taste. of the latter which ensure an adequate supply of proteins, minerals, vitamins and lipids.

L'axolotl inspire les artistes, en voici quelques exemples très différents ! Haut de page dessin dessin Share AXOLOTL AND ART AXOLOTL INSPIRES ... http://maudeux.canalblog.com/archives/2010/09/08/19011015.html Axolotl cartoon Thanks to Maliki for sharing his comic on our site. Here is the link and you can also consult his other comics. http://maliki.com/strips/axolotl-2

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Isoler un axolotl peut s'avérer nécessaire, pour des soins ou pour arranger un souci dans son aquarium. Voici comment procéder. Haut de page Taille aqua Taille aqua INSULATING AN AXOLOTL PREPARE REST WATER Share When we talk about putting an axolotl in "tupp", we must not interpret small food tupperware or it can barely turn over! A plastic bin is more suitable (clothes bin for example). Nathalie Chassagne Still water or not? First of all, it is important to regularly consult this site http://social-sante.gouv.fr/sante-et-environnement/eaux/article/qualite-de-l-eau-potable in order to know precisely its parameters water from the tap. When we find ourselves with a free or total chlorine level of 0.03 mg / l, it is as much to say that it is not even useful to let your water stand! youpiiii !!! You will need to put Will in your infirmary tray if your water contains chloramine as it puts it in 15 days s evaporate and is very dangerous (chlorine mixed with ammonia ...) The conductivity also concerns us because it us indicates whether our water is well mineralized (hard) or little (soft). Obviously these are not the only data that interest us but if you want to refine all this you can for example contact me via the site or the group, by sending me your data. So now let's talk about standing water, do you know why? Because in this way the chlorine will be able to evaporate so here the duration of the rest depends on two factors: the rate of chlorine in your pipe water if it is very low 12 hours will suffice for others it will be 24 hours and for d 'other 48 h. If you use a bubbler, the stirring of the water accelerates the evaporation of the chlorine, if you had to wait 24 hours you will have to wait 6 to 10 hours maximum with a bubbler. You don't have still water and you absolutely need it now ?! Buy spring water that is available at Lidl stores. (no, I don't have any actions with them but at some point you have to name things clearly because many get lost and suddenly do stupid things). Either way it is always better to change the water asap, imagine you are in a garage with a car on the road, this carbon emission can kill you, the axolotl breathes in the water if it is polluted you can kill him, not necessarily immediately but his skin may present lesions (which we see more obviously in light colors), the kidneys will be insufficient, as much damage which may be irreversible, do not take these lightly. water changes. And above all, avoid putting them in a bin as much as possible, tupp. We see more and more people taking axolotls and then roaming them quietly , "the axolotl is in tupp everything is fine" uh ... no you do the prowling of your aquarium and then you take the axos. Think about them a little, be considerate. It's not a toy, a thing In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. (Click on the images to be redirected to the merchant site) To put or not a bubbler? Some axolotls do not appreciate it at all, others love it instead sticking. Beyond these considerations comfort here are the pros and cons of a bubbler: A well planted tank provides sufficient oxygen as well as the movements caused by the rejection of the filter. The fact of installing an aerator in the tank brings only little oxygen, on the other hand it favors the elimination of C02 which the plants need for their growth. and the bubbler aspires tobacco smoke (when smoking) cooking oil vapors etc. it also acidifies water :) brief c is just decorative. Summer in aquariums rising in temperature is useful, but in this case only at night when the plants, instead of rejecting oxygen as during the day, take it . Calculate the GH of mineral or spring water? GH = Calcium rate in mg per Liter / 7.1338 + Magnesium rate in mg per Liter / 4.3254 Example with this bottle of Evian GH = Calcium rate in mg per Liter / 7.1338 + Magnesium rate in mg per Liter / 4.3254 GH = 78 / 7.1338 + 24 / 4.3254 GH = 10.9338 + 5.5486 GH = 16.48 Montroucous water GH = Calcium rate in mg per Liter / 7.1338 + Magnesium rate in mg per Liter / 4.3254 GH = 2.4 / 7.1338 + 0.5 / 4.3254 GH = 0.3364 + 0.1155 GH = 0.45 !!! (almost osmosis therefore). Voici plusieurs marques d'eau conseillées en aquariophilie. Un gh minimum est indispensable sinon l'au s'avère trop douce pour nos axolotls. (1ère colonne)

L'axolotl comme ses congénères aquatiques attrape des maladies, infections ou peut etre blessé, le soigner oui, mais comment? ABNORMAL FLOTATION Share In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. The axolotl floats on the surface, and has difficulty diving. It is often found on the back. We are talking about constant flotation, that is to say from morning to evening and for 24 to 48 hours. Because the axo is subject to aerophagia, do not worry if it floats temporarily.The treatment involves placing the animal in cold water (around 15 °, see 10 ° for more serious cases ), as the warmer water seems to make the problem worse. It is also necessary to put the animal on a diet, and no longer feed it for 1 to 2 weeks (on adults, but often a few days to a week are enough!). The axolotl can no longer touch the bottom, see being found on the back, he seems very stressed, which further increases the aerophagia. It is therefore advisable to put the animal in a few cm of water, to allow it to move on the ground, as it is used to. But as said previously this is not always necessary and it is especially necessary to find the causes of this stress. As a result, the evolution is positive, and the recovery is complete. File not finished yet, be patient. Personally, I have never had to isolate an axolotl for this, having a very planted aquarium, the loulou clings to the plants during the aerophagia episode and everything returns to normal in a few days. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. Vet'eau-Ornament February 3 "This is Lilith the little axolotl. Axolotl are very endearing and interesting little animals. They are amphibians close to salamanders but which remain in the larval state all their lives. A bit like a tadpole that would never become a frog. Because of this, they breathe in water using external gills (which can be seen in the photo) and are very sensitive to the parameters of the water in which they live. Finally, these are animals that have many similarities with fish. Lilith had major flotation problems which prevented her from being able to stay on the bottom to rest. She is now in great shape 😉 " In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. "Different attacks can create flotation problems. For Lilith it was bloating, in relation to a strong parasitism. We helped her to exteriorize the gas so that she could rest, and calmly take her antiparasitic;) In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. When the case is too advanced, we use drugs to speed up the transit. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. The antiparasitics that can be used in axos are generally the same as in other animals. They essentially depend on the type of parasite targeted (worms, type of worms, protozoa, leeches, etc.). For this it is absolutely necessary to make a coprology, because making a mistake can lead to large imbalances of flora, and in addition allow the explosion of the real parasite in play. The use of treatments without precise detection of pathogen requires experience. personal data, and due to the lack of bibliographic data in this species, these protocols cannot be disclosed. I therefore recommend (like any animal) to carry out a coprological analysis and to treat accordingly). " In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. I thank Doctor Blanc for his availability and this precious information which will of course be able to help other veterinarians even if they are not specialized in axolotls, Dr Blanc is currently creating a remote support service for veterinarians wishing to take charge of fish (and aquatic amphibians as well). Veterinary service entirely dedicated to aquatic animal medicine including, of course, axolotl.

L'axolotls comme ses congénères aquatiques attrape des maladies, infections ou peut etre blessé, le soigner oui, mais comment? CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS Share Self-medication is dangerous, a trained professional is best able to treat your loulou. The drugs named are only for your veterinarian. Photos under the text. Chytridiomycosis is a fatal infectious disease affecting amphibians (anurans, urodeles and gymnophiones). It is an emerging disease caused by the chytridiomycete Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which contributes to the decline of amphibian populations worldwide; In 2004, it already affected 30% of the world's amphibian species. “In less than thirty years, scientists estimate that more than 120 species have disappeared and 435 have greatly regressed” 3. In Europe, the first massive mortalities due to this fungus were first observed in Spain, then in France, Switzerland and Great Britain. However, we must not give in to paranoia in our aquariums, no risk UNLESS incorporating river plants, insects, tadpoles, frogs or other anurans, there indeed you can potentially infect your tank (s) and decimate your entire population ! Symptoms: Lethargy and desquamation of the skin (in juveniles a few cm, mycosis of the mouth). The amphibians in our rivers have become sensitive to it, probably because of the pollution which has deprived them of a significant part of their immunity. Mortalities of spotted salamander and alytic toad have been observed in the Pyrenees. A specialized veterinarian: "It's necessarily complicated, the majority of antifungals are contraindicated. We can use chloramphenicol which is an antibiotic but which seems to have an action on this fungus. But there can be side effects (aplasia, anemia) ... " Another also recommended an antibiotic: Itraconazole, fluconazol against Chytridiomycosis. So you can rely on this advice from your own veterinarian. But I remind you that this mushroom cannot arrive in your bin if you respect the principles mentioned above. At the beginning we can just see a dark spot in the mouth. The ends start to darken on the axolotls of light colors. The fungus spreads more and more so very quickly without treatment the outcome is fatal. On dark colors the ends turn white. Thanks to Valériane Fuchs for sharing her photos with Axolotls et Cie to help other members. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. "As far as chytridiomycosis is concerned, there are currently two types. - Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which affects all kinds of amphibians all over the world - Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans which is responsible for mortalities in European salamanders. The "Bd" is worn without clinical signs by certain species of amphibians, but also by tadpoles. It only infects the keratinized areas of the skin (= only the beak, not vital, in tadpoles). There is a big problem with the disappearance of species in the wild. The problem in captivity can also be dramatic ... Doctor Sylvain Larrat 38 rue du Danemark, 56400 Brec'h Tel: 02 30 06 06 06 http://www.cliniqueveterinaire-benjaminfranklin.com/ . Exclusive NAC veterinarian, exotic animals, wildlife and aquatic life In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. Diplomat of the American College of Zoological Medicine Associate Professor, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal B. Franklin veterinary clinic, Auray, Brittany, France. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. The animal can be a carrier without any clinical sign. So if we raise the juvenile from the egg and know that a single external element has never been brought into the aquarium, (such as plants, unboiled stones) no problem. On the other hand, if you buy, adopt an axolotl from a third party, nothing is guaranteed, unless you have the complete history of the individual. A microscopic Asian fungus is causing a major biodiversity crisis, the largest ever. It has caused an unprecedented decline among hundreds of amphibian species, devouring their skin to the point of causing cardiac arrest. An ecological disaster that went unnoticed for a long time. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. A fungus that devours the skin of frogs Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis belongs to the chytrid family, aquatic fungi that usually consume decaying organic matter. But, unlike its congeners, Bd attacks all living amphibians: frogs, salamanders, newts ... It devours their skin and causes scaling and deep ulcerations. As amphibians use their highly permeable skin to breathe, the infection eventually causes cardiac arrest . Its virulence is particularly high in certain species, where mortality can reach 100%. More than 30 species of Atelopus, small frogs from Central America, have been completely wiped out. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. Global dissemination fostered by international exchanges Identified in 1998, the "Bd" nevertheless began its devastation in the 1970s. But it was in the 1980s that the epizootic peaked, especially on the American continent. Native to Asia, the fungus quickly spread to the whole world thanks to international trade . Europe seems to have been less affected, but according to the researchers, the disaster may have occurred before it was noticed on the continent: massive declines in amphibians did indeed take place in the 1950s and 1960s. Attributed at the time to the intensification of agriculture , they could actually have been caused by the pathogen. Curiously, the disease seems to have spared Asia, where it originates from. Researchers hypothesize that Asian amphibians were able to adapt to resist the pathogen. However, it is also possible that species are simply less well studied there. In addition to this, you will need to know more about it. A new strain that decimates European salamanders Fortunately, the decline appears to be slowing in recent years. But of the 501 species in decline, barely 12% have started to recover, and 39% are still experiencing a decline. In addition, the fungus is emerging in new places so far untouched, such as Papua New Guinea or Madagascar. A new strain of the fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, recently landed in Europe via the amphibian trade and appears particularly virulent in local salamanders. A 2017 Nature study thus showed a massive collapse of the affected populations. The United States and Canada have already adopted preventive measures, banning the importation of 201 species of salamanders. In Europe, the risk of another mass extinction cannot be ruled out. New strain !!! Source: https://www.futura-sciences.com/planete/actualites/zoologie-ce-champignon-pire-tueur-planete-75570/?fbclid=IwAR0C9XXbluGWAr9BmFpDpog8_Uqe1JWZravMe8TBDna5tcapAGlfgpCCAO